Friday, May 31, 2013

CA-NEWS Summary

Toronto mayor vows to run again despite crack scandal, staff exodus

TORONTO (Reuters) - Toronto Mayor Rob Ford lost two more staff members on Thursday, two weeks after allegations first surfaced that the leader of Canada's largest city was caught smoking crack cocaine on camera, something he has strongly denied. Security ushered policy advisor Brian Johnston out of city hall around midday on Thursday, and he told reporters he had resigned. Kia Nejatian, the mayor's executive assistant, also left his job, the city confirmed in a statement sent to local media.

Embattled IRS staff remain in jobs despite U.S. tax review scandal

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - They've been scorned in televised congressional hearings for unfairly abusing tax laws, threatened with questioning in a criminal investigation and accused of using federal jobs to push a political agenda. At this point in the saga surrounding the Internal Revenue Service and its use of "Tea Party" and other search terms to flag conservative groups while reviewing their applications for tax-exempt status, all of the employees caught up in the scandal are still drawing federal paychecks.

Ricin attack puts spotlight on Bloomberg's gun control push

NEW YORK (Reuters) - Letters laced with the deadly poison ricin sent to New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the lobbying organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns illustrate how the group has emerged as a focal point of anger for opponents of gun control. Three letters containing an "oily substance" that turned out to be ricin were intercepted on their way to Bloomberg's office and the mayors group. A similar envelope was sent to President Barack Obama, the Secret Service confirmed on Thursday.

Baghdad bombs kill 25 in Sunni-Shi'te bloodletting

BAGHDAD (Reuters) - A series of bombs battered Shi'ite and Sunni Muslim neighborhoods across Baghdad on Thursday, killing at least 25 people in the worst wave of sectarian violence since civil war five years ago. The bloodletting reflects increasing conflict between Iraq's majority Shi'ite leadership and the Sunni minority, many of whom feel unfairly marginalized since the 2003 fall of strongman Saddam Hussein, a Sunni.

U.S. Secret Service says threatening letter sent to Obama

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Authorities intercepted a threatening letter addressed to U.S. President Barack Obama that was similar to ones sent to New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the Secret Service said on Thursday. Letters sent to Bloomberg and his gun control group contained material believed to be the deadly poison ricin and contained a reference to gun control, New York police said on Wednesday.

Germans irked as Hollande says EU cannot dictate French reforms

PARIS/BERLIN (Reuters) - President Francois Hollande pledged on Thursday to carry out long overdue reforms of France's pension system and labor markets but said it was up to Paris, not the European Commission, to determine how they are implemented. At a joint news conference with visiting German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Hollande defended his comment that the EU executive cannot "dictate" reforms to member states - a defiant, nationalist tone that angered Germany's ruling conservatives.

Moscow suggests missiles have yet to reach Assad

BEIRUT (Reuters) - Syrian President Bashar al-Assad said on Thursday Moscow was still committed to sending him advanced anti-aircraft weapons, although a source close to the Russian defense ministry said the missiles had yet to arrive. The prospect of the missiles arriving is a serious worry for Western and regional countries opposing Assad which have called on Moscow not to send them.

U.N. concerned about North Korean defectors in China

GENEVA (Reuters) - A United Nations human rights investigator and the U.N. refugee agency voiced concern on Thursday about the fate of nine North Korean defectors, some of them children, who were sent back to China this week from Laos after trying to cross the border. Chinese authorities are obliged under international law not to return them to North Korea, where they could face persecution and possibly death, Marzuki Darusman, U.N. special rapporteur on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), said.

Nigeria arrests Lebanese suspected of Hezbollah ties

KANO, Nigeria (Reuters) - Nigerian authorities said on Thursday they had arrested three Lebanese in northern Nigeria on suspicion of being members of Hezbollah and that a raid on one of their residences had revealed a stash of heavy weapons. The three suspects were arrested between May 16 and May 28 in the north's biggest city Kano, the city's military spokesman Captain Ikedichi Iweha said in a statement. All had admitted to being members of Hezbollah under questioning.

Tribes clash over Darfur gum arabic land, 64 killed

KHARTOUM (Reuters) - Clashes between tribes in Sudan's Darfur region over land producing the gum arabic stabilizer used in soft drinks have killed more than 60 people and displaced 6,500 other, police and the United Nations said. The fluid gum cut from the acacia trees that have grown on the land for years is one of Sudan's most important agricultural export products but part of the output is being smuggled over the border into Chad, where it is sold for hard currency.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ca-news-summary-021524702.html

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Summer at the Library?it's for every child and teen, and parents, too ...



A new report from the Pew Research Center states that 94 percent of parents see libraries as important for their children, and a whopping 97percent say it?s important for libraries to offer programs and classes for children and teens. Timberland Regional Library (TRL) wholeheartedly agrees. That?s why the annual TRL summer program means there?s always something for kids and teens to do, read, discover, talk about, and make.

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TRL?s summer program is for youth of all ages from newborns through age 18. It begins at the 27 branch libraries when schools are out in each area in Grays Harbor, Lewis, Mason, Pacific and Thurston counties. That day, children, teens, parents and caregivers may begin picking up their ?Summer at the Library? kits.

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Each kit is stuffed with newly-designed materials, including an attractive calendar of programs and special events to hang on the refrigerator or family bulletin board, age-appropriate reading and activity logs, coupons and prize-drawing entry forms, and new booklists. There?s a summer theme-related booklist for babies to younger school-age children, another for the middle school ages and a third one for high school teens. All materials, programs and activities are free of charge. All program details will be available at libraries and online at www.TRL.org by the second week of June.

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This News is a service of:
The Daily World??????? Star Electric

Themes let kids dig into interests

?Summer is a time when kids and teens can dig into things they?re interested in,? said Ellen Duffy, TRL?s Youth Services Coordinator. ?Even more than helping kids gain and maintain reading skills, the library is about keeping the excitement about reading and learning and life alive and active! It?s about giving kids and teens opportunities to explore, to play, to make friends ? to discover new characters and places in books.?

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Last year?s summer themes encouraged kids to dream big and teens to ?own the night.? This year we dig down. Through books, programs, activities and special performances, children will ?Dig into Reading,? exploring farms and gardens, dinosaurs and other fossils, and creatures who live below the ground and under the sea. Teens will seek ?Beneath the Surface,? unearthing worlds and creatures hidden underground and in the sea, unraveling secrets and mysteries, discovering the inner self, and shining a light on underground societies.

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Programs and Special Events

Libraries will host professional performances, lead programs and book discussions, and present art activities, scavenger hunts, and stuffed animal sleepovers. They?ll conduct games, activities and contests, both in libraries and online, and guide kids and parents to the best books and films.

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Each Timberland library will present two or more children?s and all-ages performers, including Glenda Bonin (puppets), Brownsmead Flats (folk music), Buck and Elizabeth (music, ventriloquism and humor), Ian Dobson (Caribbean steel drum music and culture), Eric Haines (comedian-juggler-one man band), and Chris Fascione (literature in stories, mime, and clowning). Favorites such as magician Jeff Evans, noise impressionist Charlie Williams, medieval era re-enactors the Knights of Veritas, and others will perform at several libraries.

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In keeping with this year?s children?s theme, new family programs such as, ?Composting? and ?Dig into Dinosaurs,? have been developed by Timberland youth librarians. Full of stories, activities and creative crafts, they will be presented at many branches. Story time programs will also be enriched with theme-related books and activities.

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?Read & Feed? has become a practice during major system-wide youth programs. All summer, people may bring canned and other non-perishable food items to their TRL branches for local food banks to distribute.

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Beginning at the Beginning

Timberland libraries have a strong focus on early learning with programs throughout the year for preschoolers beginning with babies. This summer, a new Read-to-Me Log suggests activities for families to do with their pre-readers. The activities engage five early learning skills: talking, reading, singing, playing, and writing?or for really little ones?scribbling.

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Children who are about ready to read have a vocabulary of about 15,000 words. Summer story times and other library programs help build that vocabulary by introducing preschoolers to many ?rare? words ? words not often used in conversations with young children.

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Onward: The School Ages

The new Children?s Dig into Reading Log invites kids to extend summer reading experiences by attending library programs, reading about dinosaurs, drawing a picture about a book they have read, making up a story and making frequent visits to the library.?These experiences also have literacy connections, including reading, creative thinking, creative writing, storytelling, and making reading choices based on personal interests.

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?Whether it?s dinosaurs, gardens, bugs, robots, outer space, the deep sea, unicorns, caves, places to see, famous people?kids? natural curiosity inspires and builds a love of learning,? said Duffy.

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Teens set out, ?Beneath the Surface?

New this year, TRL is piloting a program to bring teens together around one book and author. All teens are invited to read or listen to ?Cinder? by Marissa Meyer, the critically acclaimed author of the young adult science fiction series, The Lunar Chronicles. Ms. Meyer will talk with teens about her books and writing career at six Timberland libraries throughout the five counties.

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?Cinder? is a futuristic retelling of the Cinderella tale set in a dystopian New Beijing. Cinder is a gifted mechanic, a cyborg whose robot body parts allow others to treat her as a second-class citizen. When Prince Kai visits her shop with a broken android, and her sweet stepsister Peony contracts the deadly new plague, Cinder pursues a way to help them both, while keeping the secret of her mysterious past and who she really is?beneath the surface.

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Programs around the novel include discussions of the book and creative activities related to the story (?Marissa Meyer?s Lunar Chronicles? and ?Cinder Celebrations?). All teens are invited to visit Meyer at libraries hosting her this July. The schedule for the author visits are as follows:

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July 25

  • Noon-1 p.m.??? Ocean Park Timberland Library, (360) 665-4184
  • 6-7 p.m.?????????? Aberdeen Timberland Library, (360) 533-2360

July 26

  • 2-3 p.m.?????????? Winlock Timberland Library, (360) 785-3461
  • 7-8 p.m.?????????? Olympia Timberland Library, (360) 352-0595

July 27

  • 11 a.m.??????????? -noon?? Centralia Timberland Library, (360) 736-0183
  • 3-4 p.m.?????????? Shelton Timberland Library, ? (360) 426-1362

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TRL has lined up several online activities for teens including two contests, Minecraft and Book Trailers. Visit?www.TRL.org/minecraft?and?www.TRL.org/booktrailer?beginning the week of June 10 for all the details.

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The many at-the-library programs for teens include ?Zines for Teens,? books-and-snacks parties, movies, gaming, Minecraft parties, and numerous arts and crafts activities. Also for teens is a bookmark entitled ?Brainy Ways to Track Your Books,? featuring book-tracking websites and seven ways to ?unearth a zombie.? The bookmark is also a prize entry form.

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Prizes and coupons

Summer at the Library abounds with opportunities to win prizes and mementos. To start things off, during the week of June 24 to 29, each Timberland library will draw three winners of one-day free passes to any Washington State Park. Each pass admits one vehicle to a State park on a summer day of the winner?s choice. The passes are provided by Washington State Parks in honor of the its 100th?Centennial. The drawing is open only to children and teens who sign up for the Library?s Summer Reading Program. One entry per child or teen.

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Other prizes offered by every Timberland library include books, passes to NorthwestTrek or the Point Defiance Zoo and the new Hands On Children?s Museum as well as coupons for free pizza from Papa Murphy?s and small souvenirs of summer at the library. More coupons and prizes from individual libraries are provided by local businesses and Friends of the Library groups.

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To parents and caregivers

Library summer programs help parents keep children active and engaged during the summer. Infants and pre-readers, participating with you, their parents?your children?s first and most important teachers?develop language and a love of books and learning.

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?The library is an exciting summer destination, alive with performers, hands on programs, story times, family events, books, games, computers and welcoming staff. It?s a place to connect with friends, old and new, and to grow,? said Ms. Duffy.?

Source: http://kbkw.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=5548

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Thursday, May 30, 2013

Wedding Dresses With Dramatic Backs: The #1 Trend For 2013 (PHOTOS)

By Kellee Khalil for Lover.ly

We're calling it: the #1 trend for wedding dresses for 2013 is dresses with elegant and dramatic backs. Intricate backs create a gorgeous, feminine look that we love for brides; slip into one of these wedding gowns and you can be sure that you'll look as gorgeous leaving the reception as you do when you walk down the aisle. Here are our favorite dresses in this style.

  • Lovely Lace

    The delicate pattern on the back of this dress is the most sophisticated heart we've ever seen. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=lace&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">The prettiest lace wedding accessories</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/s0IEF6TSSBo_aHR0cDovL3d3dy5taWtlbGFyc29uLmNvbS8=" target="_blank">Sophie</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/tgdOvtWmyIc_aHR0cDovL3N0eWxldW52ZWlsZWQuY29tL3dlZGRpbmctYmxvZy9lbWVyYWxkLWFuZC1nb2xkLXdlZGRpbmctaW5zcGlyYXRpb24tYXQta29obC1tYW5zaW9uLXBhcnQtaS5odG1s" target="_blank">Style Unveiled</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/439018" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Branching Out

    The pattern on the back of this dress gives it a modern, organic vibe. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=green+florals&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Gorgeous green wedding florals</a> Photo by: <a href="http://www.stpucchi.com/Home.html" target="_blank">St. Pucchi</a> on <a href="http://lover.ly/image/318263" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Garden Party

    This dress is a modern take on the romantic floral trend. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=floral+print&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">More floral-print fashions</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/Pw.v3Sj1UVY_aHR0cDovL21pYmVsbGVpbmMuY29tbWkv" target="_blank">Mi Belle Photography</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/sDhOnNw1FYY_aHR0cDovL2JyaWRhbG11c2luZ3MuY29tLzIwMTIvMDgvd2VkZGluZy1kcmVzcy1vZi10aGUtd2Vlay1vcmFuZ2UtYmxvc3NvbS1ieS1jbGFpcmUtcGV0dGlib25lLw==" target="_blank">Bridal Musings</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/232689" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Mint Condition

    The hints of color on the back of this dress -- and the bold cutout -- make it stand out from traditional wedding gowns. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=mint+and+pink&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Light green and pink wedding details</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/MZQp9lfFKow_aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jbGFpcmVwZXR0aWJvbmUuY29t" target="_blank">Claire Pettibone</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/.VJ1RAYMPIM_aHR0cDovL2xvdmVyLmx5" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Ivory Tower

    The buttons going down the back of this ivory dress create a ladylike, vintage vibe. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=gatsby&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Our favorite Gatsby-inspired wedding looks</a> Photo by: <a href="http://www.badgleymischka.com/" target="_blank">Badgley Mischka</a> on <a href="http://www.weddingchicks.com/2012/05/04/badgley-mischka-spring-2013/" target="_blank">Wedding Chicks</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/128581" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Grin and Bare It

    This isn't your grandmother's lace dress! We love the daring back. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=high-neck+wedding+dress&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Be on-on trend with one of these high-neck wedding dresses</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/5TS0E9AhY4M_aHR0cDovL2FkYW10cnVqaWxsb2Jsb2cuY29tL3ZlcmEtd2FuZy13ZWRkaW5nLWRyZXNzLXRydW5rLXNob3ctbGFzLXZlZ2FzLW52LWNvdXR1cmUtYnJpZGUv" target="_blank">Adam Trujill</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/GTk8/BYJVAE_aHR0cDovL3d3dy5lbmdhZ2VkYW5kaW5zcGlyZWQuY29tLzIwMTIvMDYvMDYvZGVzaWduZXItYXQtYS1kaXNjb3VudC1kcmVzc2VzLz91dG1fc291cmNlPWZlZWRidXJuZXImdXRtX21lZGl1bT1mZWVkJnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1GZWVkJTNBK0VuZ2FnZWRJbnNwaXJlZCslMjhFbmdhZ2VkKyUyNitJbnNwaXJlZCUyOQ==" target="_blank">Engaged & Inspired</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/144224" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Take a Bow

    Draw attention to a toned back with a low-V and a pretty bow. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=updos&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">The most romantic wedding updos</a> Photo by: <a href="http://www.didobridal.com/" target="_blank">Dido Bridal</a> on <a href="http://lover.ly/image/305456" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Petal Pusher

    Appliques are another huge trend right now; this dress manages to pull it off without trying too hard. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=embroidered+gown&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">See more embroidered wedding gowns</a> Photo by: <a href="http://www.intuzuri.com/index.php" target="_blank">Intuzuri</a> on <a href="http://www.societybride.com/2012/11/30/lavished-in-lace-the-intuzuri-spring-2013-collection-and-martina-liana-fall-2012-collection/?utm_source=rss&amp;utm_medium=rss&amp;utm_campaign=lavished-in-lace-the-intuzuri-spring-2013-collection-and-martina-liana-fall-2012-collection" target="_blank">Society Bride</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/334404" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Bowed Over

    An open back gives this sweet retro dress a modern twist. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=vintage+dress&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Find the perfect vintage wedding dress</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/L.3HbdmJsjw_aHR0cDovL2xpbGlhLmNvbQ==" target="_blank">Lilia</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/48cHtQpNgm2_aHR0cDovL3d3dy5pbnNwaXJlZGJ5dGhpcy5jb20vMjAxMC8wNC9tb25kYXktbXVzaW5nLXdlZGRpbmdzLWluc3BpcmVkLWJ5LWF1ZHJleS1oZXBidXJuLw==" target="_blank">Inspired By This</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/14954" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • The Gold Shoulder

    The metallic accents and simple silhouette make this dress so elegant <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=metallics&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Gold and silver wedding details</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/5SBPHa895N2_aHR0cDovL3d3dy5zZWdlcml1c2JydWNlcGhvdG9ncmFwaHkuY29t" target="_blank">Segerius Bruce Photography</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/XrmGZY5e2cI_aHR0cDovL3d3dy53ZWRkaW5nY2hpY2tzLmNvbS8yMDEyLzA4LzIwL2JyaWRhbC1sb29rcy8=" target="_blank">Wedding Chicks</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/235326" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • Sheer Bliss

    This dress allows you to go backless while still providing a bit of coverage; it would be gorgeous on a winter bride. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=long+sleeve+gown&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">The loveliest long-sleeved wedding gowns</a> Photo by: <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/YPeIAYK/RmY_aHR0cDovL2tpc3N0aGVncm9vbS5jb20v" target="_blank">Elizabeth Messina</a> on <a href="http://r.lover.ly/redir.php/WVopTf6/qMM_aHR0cDovL3d3dy53ZWRkaW5nY2hpY2tzLmNvbS8yMDEyLzAxLzE2L3dlZGRpbmctbm91dmVhdS1tYWdhemluZS8=" target="_blank">Wedding Chicks</a> via <a href="http://lover.ly/image/102976" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

  • In the Open

    An open back adds sass to a short white dress. <a href="http://lover.ly/explore?q=short+wedding+dress&amp;utm_source=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks&amp;utm_medium=guest&amp;utm_campaign=huffpo05-25-13elegantbacks" target="_blank">Find your perfect short wedding dress</a> Photo by: <a href="http://www.stpucchi.com/Home.html" target="_blank">St. Pucchi</a> on <a href="http://lover.ly/image/318245" target="_blank">Lover.ly</a>

More from Lover.ly:

Dozens of bridesmaids dresses your girls will love

Wedding makeup inspiration

Haute heels to wear for your wedding

Keep in touch! Check out HuffPost Weddings on Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest.

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/30/wedding-dresses_n_3353627.html

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Sears Plans To Retrofit 2,500 "Ghostbox" Stores As Data Centers

Sears Plans To Retrofit 2,500 "Ghostbox" Stores As Data Centers

There are over a billion square feet of vacant commercial space in the US right now, most of it in the form of big box stores. This being America, we?ve come up with plenty of intelligent ways to reuse the department stores at which we can no longer afford to shop: Churches. Parks. Clinics. And now, data centers.

Read more...

    


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/4sMWlm61kos/sears-plans-to-retrofit-2-500-ghostbox-stores-as-data-510333088

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Ferocious Battle Underway in Syria Over Border City (Voice Of America)

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Fast-sinking jellyfish could boost the oceans' uptake of carbon dioxide

May 28, 2013 ? The oceans absorb about 25 percent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by human activities. Since the industrial revolution, they have taken up about half of the human-made CO2. Billions of planktonic organisms, too tiny to be seen with the naked eye, make this valuable service possible: When carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves in seawater, various species convert it to organic carbon and other organic components during photosynthesis. Jellyfish and pelagic tunicates live on smaller plankton and thus consume organic carbon. When they sink to the seafloor at the end of their life cycles, they take the carbon from the surface waters with them, provide it as food to organisms at the bottom or store it in deep water layers after decomposition. As a result, more CO2 can be dissolved in the oceans. Additionally, calcifying organisms incorporate the inorganic carbon in their calcium carbonate shells directly. They also contribute to the biological pump.

To assess the efficiency of the biological carbon pump, data on sinking velocities of the different species are necessary. Together with colleagues from Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, Dr. Mario Lebrato, Biological Oceanographer in Prof. Andreas Oschlies' group at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, conducted field and laboratory experiments with gelatinous plankton remains. Their latest article in the international magazine "Limnology and Oceanography" describes for the first time the sinking speed of organic remains from jellyfish and pelagic tunicates. Together with a previous article in the same journal that calculated biomass export efficiency for these organisms for the first time, these new data allow robust estimates of global carbon export associated with gelatinous plankton.

For their experiments, the scientists collected different species of scyphozoans (true jellyfish), ctenophores (comb jellies), and thaliaceans (salps) in the Baltic, the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. The sinking process was observed and filmed in large transparent cylinders filled with seawater at OceanLab Bremen by Dr. Pedro de Jesus Mendes. Later the proportion of organic carbon and nitrogen of the dry biomass and biomass weight were measured. The work was supported by the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), the Kiel Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean, the German project on ocean acidification BIOACID (Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification), and the US National Science Foundation Office for Polar Programs.

"The sinking speed of jelly remains is much, much higher than what we expected, about 500 to 1600 meters per day," Lebrato sums up. "And, what puzzles researchers working on the biological carbon pump: it is higher than that of non-calcifying phytoplankton and marine snow, the main sinking particles and organic carbon sources to the ocean interior." Fast sinking means that the biomass and its constituents reach the deeper ocean layers without major degradation, where microbial decay releases CO2 that can be stored without direct contact with the atmosphere for millennia. Also, fast sinking provides high quality food resources for benthic organisms, which has already been observed actively feeding on jelly remains. On continental shelves and slope areas, biomass may reach the seabed within a day or less.

Within the studied species, scyphozoans had on average the highest carbon content (26.97 percent), followed by thaliaceans (17.20 percent), and ctenophores (1.40 percent). The jelly carbon content is lower on average than that of phytoplankton or marine snow. But their large populations, occupying at times hundreds of square kilometers in the oceans, combined with a high sinking speed, can deliver large carbon quantities to the seabed.

"Our dataset provides an initial overview and comparison for modelers and experimentalists to use in subsequent studies examining the role of jellies in carbon export and the efficiency of the biological pump," Lebrato says. "We are continuously asked, how much organic carbon and CO2 do gelatinous plankton sink worldwide, whether their export capacities are similar to phytoplankton and marine snow. And if an increase of jellyfish in the future will enhance organic carbon export and CO2 sequestration. Until recently, few people believed that jelly organisms could play any major role in the carbon cycle, thus they have been excluded from large biogeochemical research programs. In consequence, the data available up to now are scarce and we are just starting to comprehend the fundamental properties that will allow us to better understand the role of jellyfish and pelagic tunicates in the global carbon cycle."

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/mZn38xSmTbM/130528122512.htm

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