Reducing capital costs during providing the flexibility to allow anything from multiway, real-time, synchronous communications to cloud storage and asynchronous communication ? that?s the goal, and the challenge.
Mobile society
We have always been a mobile society. Don?t like it where you are? Pull up your roots and plant them someplace else. Not an option? At that time just import enough goods to transform the place you find yourself into something resembling where you?d like to be. Over the past couple of centuries, major technological advancement was tied largely to two things: moving people and things more efficiently from time to time, i.e., through railroads, steamships, automobiles, aircraft; and communicating over earlier prohibitive physical distances, i.e., via telegraph, telephone, radio, TV, and Internet. It?s the latter that?s of interest here.
Early long-distance communication was accomplished over wires and undersea cables. Radio and TV changed that, although being unidirectional they were limited to the entertainment sphere and to local arenas only. Earlier the advent of commercial satellites, it was simply not possible to reach more than a small area with a single broadcast. Hence the build-out of cable television networks.
The phone system evolved the in contrast way
The phone system evolved the in contrast way, born hard-wired and remaining so much longer. Many of us can easily remember when ?party lines? were common; you needed an operator to call outside your immediate area; phone numbers had only five digits; and Superman could easily find a booth in which to liberate his cape. Phones were a wonderful modern convenience, however expensive, cumbersome, and static-ridden. And there was nothing for the guy or gal on the go.
Cellphone antecedents date back a half-century, however the real deal didn?t arrive until 1997, with the release of the first pocket flip phone. That?s barely fifteen years ago. Since at the time, there has been a technological explosion unprecedented in human history. Nothing has ever caught on, worldwide, as fast and as furiously.
The end sold 60 million of its first clamshell phones
Motorola in the end sold 60 million of its first clamshell phones. Not bad for a new product. Nevertheless consider the estimated number of worldwide mobile subscriptions at the end of 2011: 5.9 billion. That?s one phone for every 1.2 human beings on planet Earth, with parity expected no later than 2014.
The straightway problem, for all that, was that each communications medium had been tailored to do only one thing. Telephone systems were built on the principle of circuit switching for much of their history. One wire meant one conversation. Or one slice of wireless spectrum meant one phone call. As demand for services increased, research brought ideas like time division, where 4 or 8 or 16 parties could share a circuit without knowing it was happening. However the network was nonetheless only a voice network.
Cable was much the same. You could watch television channels, nevertheless you couldn?t use the same wire for anything else. New features like pay per view were added, yet it was for all that just a television network.
The Internet
Then along came the Internet, with research that was revolutionary in its simplicity. It divided information up into little packets and could ship those packets ? containing virtually any kind of data ? anywhere. With the naked eye the systems were slow, allowing transmission of simple text documents and perhaps some small images. Nevertheless as demand for services exploded ? Net users grew from about 50 million in 1996 to an estimated 2.1 billion by the end of 2011 ? so did the speed of the networks behind them.
As the ?all-digital, all-the-time? world unfolded at in broad outline the speed of light, innovations tried to keep pace. People began making phone calls on Skype, surfing the Web on their big flat screens, and watching last night?s TV shows on their computer monitors. Increasingly, it was all about the transmission of data packets, whether for technology, business, entertainment, market transactions, or whatever.
And, depending on your perspective, as a cable or telephone executive it was either the biggest threat to your business imaginable or the biggest possibility since the original. Businesses of all kinds responded to the latter, and something incredible began happening. On the spur of the moment, cable-television operators were in the business of selling telephone services. Telephone companies were selling digital television services. And everyone was selling Internet connections. The race was on for traditional suppliers with wired networks to upgrade their equipment, change out their networks, and make them all packetized ? fully Internet Protocol ready.
Yet, for over a decade, one ?legacy? provider was too busy to actually even notice the Internet. Mobile-phone providers were grappling with the fastest-growing business of all time ? three times faster than global Net access growth. Trying to squeeze every last bit out of their growing networks, they invested in highly specialized equipment, much like cable and television operators previously them. There was demand, clearly, for Web access on the go. So they rigged up connections, referred to as Web Access Protocol or ?WAP,? between the Internet and their networks. However the research was slow and cumbersome.
Customers demanded something better. As the Web, email, Internet video, and the like became more pervasive, more and more users began to look to their mobile-phone providers to give them access.
The answer came in 2007
The answer came in 2007, when Apple introduced the iPhone. It wasn?t the first of its kind ? smartphones have been around in one form or another since 1993, when IBM introduced Simon ? however it was the first to hit the market at top speed? and it never look back.
982 million ? worldwide estimated smartphone sales in 2015, a mere eight years afterwards the iPhone?s introduction.
Data speeds on wireless have exploded as so then, jumping from the kinds of speeds a dialup connection could have garnered you in 1995 to nearly broadband today. Now, with LTE (Long Term Evolution, latest standard in the mobile network technology) and WiMAX, users can connect wirelessly with their phone, laptop, and/or tablet, watch a few Netflix movies, make phone calls, download presentations for the office, and much more. All of this has required a massive investment from wireless companies in retooling and upgrading their networks ? more than $100 billion globally per year.
The popularity explosion
Beyond the popularity explosion and the wildly proliferating number of apps available anywhere, anytime, many people are now envisioning where this is leading. Imagine that you get up in the morning and turn on your phone. You connect to your home WiFi system, check your email, see what gold has done overnight, make a Skype call to the Singapore branch of the company, and order flowers sent to one of your colleagues for her birthday. You?re on the phone with your boss when you move outside, and you?re on the spur of the moment transferred to the cellular network. Your conversation never drops. On the way into the city, your carpool gets caught in a traffic jam and you?re running a little late, which means you?ll miss the start of that 8:30 teleconference with Chicago and L.A. No problem ? you just join it by smartphone. Once into your building, you?re automati cally switched to the local network there. By the time you reach your desk, the teleconference is proceeding on your office computer and you haven?t missed a word.
The convergence of all these communications services requires tons of new hardware, plenty of highly specialized software, and a whole heck of a lot of bandwidth, if not known as ?channel capacity,? which is the maximum throughput of a logical or physical path in a digital communication system. Colloquially, this is known as the ?pipe,? through which all things flow. The fatter the pipe, the more you can send down it.
The old dialup-modem download standard of 56 kilobits per second just doesn?t cut it. DSL and cable modems that allowed for download speeds in single-digit megabits per second were an improvement and enabled things like Voice over Internet Protocol to take off, nevertheless were simply not ready to handle video. And for serious converged voice/data/video transmission, dozens of megabits all the way up to gigabits per second will have to become the new normal.
The backbone
On the backbone, to support the wants of this burgeoning user base, speeds must aggregate to much higher numbers if we are not to have the digital equivalent of a twenty-car pileup on the highway, day in and day out. To meet these needs, 10 Gbps pipes were introduced in 2003, and the first 100 Gbps optical transmission innovation was shipped to commercial clients last year. One company we follow in Casey Extraordinary Research is showing bonded channels with 500 Gbps capacity and up.
And, such as the telephone system went wireless with explosive growth and wireless continues to dominate the television landscape, so the future of the converged network is wireless, too. However to get there, we have even furthermore to go speed-wise. During home and business users are now usually enjoying speeds strong enough to support this converged ideal, mobile is nevertheless behind. For instance, PC Magtested various smartphones last June in different parts of several cities. Maximum download speed topped out in Dallas, at 14.98 Mbps for a third-generation service, which is what most people have. Max on a Verizon 4G came in at 37.66 Mbps. Average speeds were, nevertheless, much lower ? as a rule in the 1-3 Mbps range ? for the 3Gs. This is simply not fast enough to support the full range of applications. In return, things are changing quickly.
The future of wireless lies with a research dubbed LTE
Most industry observers believe that the future of wireless lies with a research dubbed LTE, which is shorthand for ?3GPP Long Term Evolution for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.?
Providers call LTE their fastest, most advanced network. However it?s not just the then generation of wireless; it?s an ongoing, evolving research, one that will indiscriminately improve over time. It?s poised to become the standard for cellular networks for the straightway decade, otherwise beyond. In that same PC Magtest, users of 4G service ? which is rolling out in a handful of cities around the US as we write ? were getting sustained data speeds up to 15.75 MB, beyond what a cable Internet subscriber in most markets could expect just five years ago.
Paradigm shift
LTE represents a paradigm shift, from hybrid voice + data networks to data-only networks, where voice is handled with the same innovation as cable telephony and Skype. Network operators that are deploying it want to replace everything else they have with it. It must be able to handle voice calls and text messaging, as then as Internet services. Trouble is, LTE was designed with data only in mind. So a new VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) solution had to be developed.
A couple of different ones were tried, nevertheless the one that stuck was VoLTE-IMS, or simply VoLTE. VoLTE supports text messaging and high-quality speech encoding, which will provide clearer calls. It as well has the potential to support video calling, yet no standard for that exists as but.
But it?s taking some intermediate steps. LTE will utilize a research known as MIMO, which means that devices have multiple connections to a single cell. That increases the stability of the connection, reduces latency, and increases the total throughput of a connection. MIMO is what allows 802.11n WiFi to reach speeds of 300-400 Mbps, or some ten times that of mobile. Expect mobile to close the gap.
Overall, there are plenty of bugs for all that to be flushed out as true unified data delivery moves toward reality. Many innovators are working hard on the problems, because the companies that can successfully ride the wave of network convergence ? and we hold some of the most promising ones in the CET portfolio ? are going to do very well as a matter of fact.
The Denver Zoo
Employees of the Denver Zoo, along with some outside help, have modified a motorized rickshaw to run on animal dung and garbage. And that?s just the beginning. The zoo plans to use the research to generate power at its upcoming ten-acre elephant exhibit. In the long run, the zoo thinks it will be able to turn 90% of its waste into energy, making use not only of the copious amounts of animal poo it has on hand nevertheless also eliminating some 1.5 million pounds of annual garbage waste that before went into landfills.
Doug Casey is an American-born free market economist, best-selling financial author, and international investor and entrepreneur. He is the founder and chairman of Casey Innovation, a provider of subscription financial analysis about specific market verticals that he has focused his investing career around, including natural resources/metals/mining, energy, commodities, and innovation.
Source: http://www.allvoipnews.com/universal-mobile-telecommunications.html
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